The Invention Of Dna Testing - 932 Words

Improper forensics, bad lawyering, snitches, unqualified â€Å"experts,† eye witness misidentification, false confessions, and mishandled evidence are all just a few reasons for wrongful convictions in the justice system. However, the authors of Actual Innocence: When Justice Goes Wrong and How to Make it Right, discuss how DNA is a main factor into â€Å"actually innocent† people. Throughout this book we learn stories about those who were wrongfully convicted and later proven guilty for reasons such as DNA testing. While this proves to us that not everyone convicted is guilty, it points out many other errors in the criminal justice system as well. The beginning chapters of the book discuss the invention of DNA testing as well as the unreliability of eye witness testimony. As of 2003, the authors mention that thirty-two states had post conviction DNA testing statutes with legislation pending in ten others (Dwyer 352). This allows testing when there is such DNA evidence relating to the crime available. More than two thirds of the 130 post conviction DNA exonerations in the United States involved mistaken eye witness identifications (Dwyer 353). This is because witnesses are encouraged to pick which participant compares best to the image they have in their head even though the true perpetrator may not be present. Eye witness testimonies are the primary source brought against defendants and is one of the most important ones that need to focus on reform. Later chapters bring up theShow MoreRelatedThe World s First Dna Testing900 Words   |  4 Pagesan interesting year for entrepreneurs. Thus far, most inventions we ve seen in the media, have been the result of successful Kickstarter and GoFundMe campaigns, in addition to sensational appearances at annual invention shows, like the one held every year by Pittsburgh firm InventHelp. Perhaps, though, you ve seen viral videos of science fiction style products that has the world all ears about them. There are also those other inventions where we just want to yank the plug on all the buzz.Read MoreWhat Defines The Law Of Nature? Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesSupreme Court ruled that human DNA cannot be patented but synthetic DNA (cDNA) is patent eligible because it is artificially made. Human DNA is now strictly off limits, thanks to the court ruling versus Myriad Genetics in June 2013. The court ruling could not have been made possible without the people who pushed to make the case public, those whose genes were being patented. Breast cancer patients were being charged an excess amount of money to patent their human DNA which turned out to be an illegalRead MoreThe Case Of Maryland V King1670 Words   |  7 Pagesexplicitly related to the legality of DNA collection of individuals early in the booking process for serious crimes. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme C ourt ruled that pre-conviction DNA collection of those arrested for serious crimes is constitutional and does not violate the Fourth Amendment; a decision that will forever change the way DNA testing is used by the judicial system. This decision in favor of Maryland on the constitutionality of pre-conviction DNA testing was a result of the conclusions ofRead MoreThe Evolution of Forensic Science699 Words   |  3 Pagesscience or technology in a court room environment. Forensic science plays an important role in modern popular culture; the police procedural is highly dependent upon cutting-edge forensic science. Moreover, many people are aware of the impact of DNA testing on the modern criminal justice landscape. However, forensic science actually predates many modern scientific advances; almost as long as there have been controversies, there has been some type of forensic science. The first documented autopsyRead MorePatents : An Invention Of Man1231 Words   |  5 Pagestheft of ideas through government licensing for the exclusive rights to manufacturing, utilization, and sales of inventions. However, lines are crossed when private companies are allowed to patent life forms, including genetic material. Patents are only designed to prevent intellectual property theft on inventions. Human genes are a product of nature and are not a result of an invention of man. Furthermore, allowing genetic information to be patented would profoundly impede progress on study of theRead MoreDna Discovery Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesAs the instructions for all living cells, DNA is a complex molecule and the basis of biology. The structure of DNA is the same for all organisms. (Fredholm, 2003) The journey to understanding DNA began in 1866 when Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of genetics. Although the scientific community did not fully appreci ate or credit his work in his lifetime, Mendel is now considered the father of genetics. Mendel’s advanced experiments with pea plants between 1856 and 1863Read MoreThe Five Kingdom Classification System for Life638 Words   |  3 Pagesit is today. DNA sequencing is a process used to determine the order of the nucleotides of a gene. Dna Sequencing has advanced extremely from almost a decade ago, due to the improvement of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the use of computer technologies to manage and analyse biological data. The improvement Bioinformatics has meant DNA sequencing has become much easier, faster and more cost effective. The improvement of the DNA sequencing technique meant that taxonomists could use DNA sequences asRead MoreUsing Copyrighted Materials Will Not Constitute An Act Of Infringement1330 Words   |  6 Pages301). As long as I didn’t try to charge the individuals for providing the journal article, I would not be violating any copyright laws. 4. What is the difference between a patent and a copyright? What criteria must be met for subject matter or invention to be patentable? According to The Guardian article, what is one argument for and one argument against patenting human genetic material? Do you feel human genetic material should be patentable? Why or why not? According to Macrina (2014), the majorRead MoreWhat Are Molecular Markers?1613 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are molecular markers? †¢ DNA sequences that show polymorphisms (variations in size or sequence) in the population. They provide information about allelic variation at a given locus. Properties of molecular markers: 1. Polymorphic 2. Frequently distributed along the genome 3. Easily detected 4. Reproducible 5. Most are co-dominant but a few are dominant (RAPD) Common Molecular Markers: †¢ RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism †¢ AFLP: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism †¢ RAPD:Read MoreModern Enzymes And Its Effect On The Field Of Genetics And Protein Engineering1712 Words   |  7 PagesPRODUCTION PROCEDURES 1. JPH0235088A The invention refers to a technique for mass production of pectin lyase in its purest from by integrating DNA fragment that codes for pectin lyase obtained from Erwinia carotovora into a plasmid vector transforming Ecoli and culturing it. 2. JPH09206078A Polygalaturonase gene isolated from penicillium janthin-ellum for high scale production of the enzyme using genetic engineering and methods like PCR are described in this invention. The gene is amplified using PCR and

Lord of the Flies Bullying Essay - 1536 Words

Similarities of Bullying How long has bullying been around? Bullying has lasted for decades now. It takes no effort to see that in the timeless novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, bullying is expressed throughout the book in many different ways. The three forms of bullying readers witness throughout the book consist of verbal bullying, physical bullying, and relational bullying. Although Lord of the Flies takes place nearly sixty years ago, from Golding shows readers that bullying hasn’t changed much in these past decades. One form of bullying that Golding expresses throughout the Lord of the Flies is physical bullying, and Golding expresses this form much like how it is used today. Golding shows readers that the characters,†¦show more content†¦Another example of physical bullying being enforced in the novel takes place when Roger and Maurice harass the Littlun’s. On the way back to the beach after their duty for keeping an eye on the signal fire, â⠂¬Å"Roger led the way straight through the [sand] castles, kicking them over, burying the flowers, scattering the chosen stones. Maurice followed †¦Percival began to whimper with an eyeful of sand†¦In his other life, Maurice had received chastisement for filling a younger eye with sand. Now, though there was no parent†¦Maurice still felt the unease of wrongdoing,† (Golding, 60). This shows significance because Maurice feels that he is able to basically do whatever he likes because he can’t receive any punishment from adults. This is also a factor that contributes to the reason children bully, according to Why Do Kids Bully?, by Byrne. The fact that these examples can relate to these factors, they provide evidence that Golding’s illustration of bullying has not altered. Another form of bullying that Golding illustrates in the Lord of the Flies can be referred to as verbal bullying. In this case, Piggy is again, another victim of Jack. Readers see that Piggy receives the name â€Å"Fatty† and gets interrupted while attempting to be heard while publicly speaking, multiple times by Jack, â€Å"You’re always scared. Yah—Fatty!† (Golding, 45), â€Å"You would, would you? Fatty!† (71). Golding uses this example toShow MoreRelatedBullying-Lord of the Flies1404 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Nature and Lord of the Flies-I.S.U. # 13) Bullies Bullying is when a person or group frequently harms someone who is weaker or more vulnerable then themselves. They do this by means of physical, verbal, or mental abuse. Bullies can be male, female, young or old. The nature of a bully depends on many factors such as sex, age, and past experiences. Depending on the nature of the bully, their actions can have many negative effects on others. Bullies display many characteristics such as aggressionRead MoreLord Of The Flies Bullying Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, the audience witness multiple acts of bullying. In the beginning of the book, when Ralph and Piggy first met they didnt get along well. Ralph was calling Piggy names and making fun of how he was called Piggy. Piggy of course was hurt by this and didnt appreciate how Ralph did this to him. When kids bully each other over devices, I think that that the parents and teachers should work together and try to figure out what is happening and resolve the problemRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies: The Bullies World667 Words   |  3 Pages Lord of the Flies: The Bullies World Bullying in the schools of today harms the innocent students all because of the at home violence the bully had received I will talk about the risk of bullying along with the effect bullying has on students. Bullying has affected people since the dawn of time. The first reference that a bullying scenario was recorded is found in the Bible. This relates to Lord of the Flies in the way bullying took over their lives. From the story to today’sRead MoreHow Lord of the Flies Relates to the Story of Rebecca Sedwick, a Tormented Florida Girl629 Words   |  3 PagesLord of the Flies and the tormented Florida girl Bullying has been a factor of too many teenage deaths, especially Rebecca Sedwick. Rebecca Sedwick is your ordinary teenage girl, until one an a half years ago when it all began. Sedwick has been stalked for quite a while by two teenage girls on the Internet. This story of Sedwick ties into the story of The Lord of the Flies. These two stories show hate, harassment, and mistreatment against one person. In this situation, Sedwick was beingRead MoreIs Lord Of The Flies A Terrifying Novel?700 Words   |  3 PagesIs Lord Of The Flies A Terrifying Novel? Lord of the flies has been called many things since it was released: a child’s tale of adventure, an ex navy officer’s insight into human nature, but can it be called terrifying? Golding’s message is indeed frightening; it tells us that without society’s harsh conditioning we will succumb to savagery and become savages like Roger and Jack. This challenges the idea that some people are born good and it makes us realize that without the constant threat ofRead MoreAtrocious Aftermath of Bullying833 Words   |  3 Pagesof disparities happen often due to bullying. Bullying should be dealt with to avoid the negative and morose consequences that can affect an individual’s life. Bullying should not be dealt with because a bully free society is not attainable. Some say that reaching a bully free society is not viable because to do so you must reach a â€Å"Utopia† which is â€Å"unrealistic and unachievable† (Kalman). Unfortunately, a â€Å"Utopia† is not achievable, so we must deal with bullying with all our strength and potentialRead MoreLord of the Flies- Evil948 Words   |  4 Pagesmatter how hard they try to oppress it. Evil is an instinct, a part of human kind, but what exactly is evil and what defines it? Mr. Golding believes that evil is intrinsic to human beings; he shows some examples of evil in the Lord of the Flies, in a form called bullying. Bullying increases the bully’s self-confidence, while it lowers the victim’s, in this case Jack harass Piggy to increase his self-assurance. Humans have two desires that conflict with each other: to live by civilization and to liveRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Gold ing Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link togetherRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1381 Words   |  6 PagesAn issue going around for many years lately has been the abuse of power. It is not always abusing power; It is abusing rights as well. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, the abuse of power and rights is represented by only a few characters and is portrayed many times. Ralph and Jack, the two main characters, both abused their power by controlling the actions of the groups. Golding illustrates that having too much power can lead someone or something to making the wrong choices or makingRead MoreThe Island in Lord of the Flies by Golding Compared to our World Today552 Words   |  3 Pagesthose children bullied only one out of ten of them will report it. The dictionary defines bullying as â€Å"unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated over time† (Bully Definition† 1). Bullies have many characteristics such as rivalry, competitive behavior, and aggression. In Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, Jack can be considered the antagonist because he has many

Equality between Man and Women’s Controversy Free Essays

Equality has been a controversial issue ever since time began. Whether it be race, sex, or religion, it has always been an unsettled topic of concern. Equality between men and women is often brought into society. We will write a custom essay sample on Equality between Man and Women’s Controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think men and women should be treated equal from all perspectives. Gender is what makes women different from men, but does not make women incapable of compiling valuable choices. Women and men have the ability to make decisions that will benefit all people in a fair way. As it is, men are most often oted into our government for their ability to make law abiding decisions. It is my personnel belief that women have the intelligence to do the same. The views of John and Abigail Adams, as well as Benjamin Rush, illustrate the different opinions regarding John and Abigail Adams have animosity relating to the subject of equality. My interpretation is that Abigail Adams believes that women should be recognized in the republican society. Abigail threatens a rebellion if herself and other women are not given he attention and care they so desire. She speaks of the neglect in education to the daughters whereas John thinks the sons are being deprived of education. John Adams plainly laughs at his wife†s remarks. He explains the turbulence that has broken out among governments everywhere, due to the absolute power of husbands over their wives. It is brought to me that John Adams believes, and will forever believe, in the absolute power of men in the republican society. Abigail Adams feels that women should have ore of an opportunity in the republican society. John Adams believes that the masculine system is fine as it is. According to Benjamin Rush, women†s education is extremely important. He believes that female education should be accommodated to the welfare of society, manner, and the government of the country. As I understand it, Rush wants women to be educated in these things so that they can intelligently instruct their children in the same way. He ensures that learning vocal music will make domestic life more soothing and ossibly easier. It will take away the distress of noisy children and a husband. Benjamin Rush looks highly upon novels and believes that reading them will make a young lady more of a humanitarian. He states that some men think of a woman that is educated in morals, physical and religious truth, is unfriendly to the domestic character of a women. He goes on to say that this statement is the prejudice of men with little minds. Primarily, Rush concludes that if females were better educated, they would be more useful in domestic life. Children would learn wisdom in all aspects if their mothers were better educated. Benjamin Rush is a smart man and I agree with a lot of his writing. Men and women should always be treated as equals. John and Abigail had a different opinion on that. She believed they should and he believed they shouldn†t. Rush believed that if women were educated on the same things as men, life all together would Equality has long been a major issue in society. As for myself, there is no reason that any one person should be treated better or worse than the next. How to cite Equality between Man and Women’s Controversy, Papers

Romeo and Juliet Business Letter free essay sample

This can be one of the many explanations as to why Romeo and Juliet hurried their relationship so quickly and did not hesitate to stop and consider the consequences of their actions. This proposition can also lead to another suggestion about Romeo and Juliet’s behavior. Even though the prefrontal cortex and many other sections of the brain are not fully developed till much later on, the nucleus accumbens is developed rather well during the teenage years (Edmonds). Scientist Molly Edmonds states that the nucleus accumbens in the area of the brain that seeks pleasure or reward (Edmonds). Both Romeo and Juliet knew that there would be horrific consequences due to their decision to get married, but their brain did not recognize the delayed satisfaction, and so Romeo and Juliet carried out their marriage even after knowing the consequences for that little moment of pleasure. Consequently, during puberty in a teenager, there is usually an overproduction of cells in the brain (â€Å"Inside the Teenage Brain†). We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Business Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This causes sections in the brain to take control of smaller areas in the, and because of this, hasty decisions are made and teens often get aggravated more easily brain (â€Å"Inside the Teenage Brain†). Thus, Romeo and Juliet, being in their teenage years, could have had an overproduction of cells and may have been disobedient because of this.. Edmond’s states, â€Å"This is also around the time when teenagers get behind the wheel of a  car  for the first time, as well as when they might be engaging in  sexual behaviors† (Edmonds). Romeo and Juliet, although not knowing the reason being, may have had the urges to behave in a sexual way, or even engage in sexual behaviors because of their sex hormones in puberty (Edmonds). Further on, it has been scientifically proven that a normal teenager’s brain definitely does not resemble a 20 year old’s brain (National Institute of Mental Health). One of the most obvious differences which were noticed in the scans of the brains was the amount of gray matter which was developed (National Institute of Mental Health). Scientifically speaking, researchers claim, â€Å"The scans revealed unexpectedly late changes in the volume of gray matter, which forms the thin, folding outer layer or cortex of the brain†¦Over the course of childhood, the volume of gray matter in the cortex increases and then declines† (National Institute of Mental Health). In other words, the scans which were completed implied that the parts of the brain that are accountable for emotions, impulses, and making decisions are the last to mature and fully grow (National Institute of Mental Health). This research helps prove that Romeo and Juliet are not completely to be blamed for the actions they made. I am not implying that what Romeo and Juliet did was not their fault, but what I am attempting to say is what they did and the decisions they made were not completely all their fault. The teenage years are by far the most difficult and intricate to deal with. Just remember, before completely blaming these teenagers, think about what was going through their minds at the time. I appreciate your time and effort for reading my letter. Sincerely, ___________

Work Place Observation an Example by

Work Place Observation The success of any organization depends on a number of factors key of which include; how well resources are utilized communication process, diversity management as well as how well the company utilizes the resources at its disposal. Of all resources at the disposal of an organization none is as crucial as human resources. In an organization such as a restaurant, communication management is a vital area in determining organizational success. Restaurants are in the hospitality industry, which largely depends on customary relations and public relations for success. Constantly, staff in a restaurant have to effectively communicate with customers since the impressions the staff creates on the clients or patrons goes a long way in determining whether that client will become a loyal customer or leave a dissatisfied customer and therefore the organization will loose out on the opportunity to benefit from customers role in marketing the restaurants products. Need essay sample on "Work Place Observation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There are several types of communications which organizations such as restaurants can utilize so as to effectively ensure business success. While verbal communication skills are important, equally important is the non-verbal communication which employees in an organization use. The way employees in a restaurant speak to clients the way they listen, how they exchange, communiqus determines the satisfaction levels of customers. Communication plays a very important role in that if effectively applied it can lead to a great sense of satisfaction not only to the customers of the restaurant but also to the employees themselves. Most restaurants employ a significant number of employees to work in customer relations related positions as a result; there is a need for team spirit amongst the various employees if functional teams are to be achieved. If team spirit is lacking efficiency is greatly affected and as a result the organization ends up loosing business. For communication to be effective, it needs to be the right content, communicated through the best form of media and aimed at the right destiny. Organizational diversity within a restaurant is very important for a number of reasons for instance; restaurants unlike most other type of businesses enjoy an unlimited patronage by diverse customers. For instance if a restaurant is located in Miami in a predominately white town, such a restaurant must consider the fact that it cannot restrict visitors such as those from different cultural background and therefore the restaurant must align its internal and external processes to suit a variety of diverse cultures. One way in which an organization can ensure it is tolerant to diversity whether cultural or otherwise diversity is by recruiting employees from different cultural background this is crucial in that when customers patronize a restaurant and they notice diversity they are most likely to be impressed by the diversity in the restaurant. Dressing code and language used in a restaurant goes a long way in determining how people perceive the restaurant. Food industry is one of the most sensitive industries because it directly touches on hygiene of people. No one wants a restaurant, which is not conducive. The dressing code speaks volume about the organization it can even constitute an important component of the marketing strategy of the organization. In other words a good dressing code is more likely to market an organization as value driven while a less impactful dress is less likely to draw customers into the restaurant. The language used in a restaurant by staff should be professional and official. If it is the case of restaurant or hotel jargon then it has to be applied sensitively considering that some customers may have poorly mastery of the jargon and its overuse is likely to be counterproductive. Conflicts will always emerge whenever people work as a team in an organization. Restaurants are not an exception and restaurant managers must be well equipped with conflict resolution strategies such as; avoidance, accommodation as well as collaboration strategy. Technology is very central to performance of restaurants considering the fact that where technology is applied appropriately production increases. However, the most significant impact that technology has had on culture is the fact that it has faced out cultural methods of action replacing them with modern techniques. While for restaurants, communications is very important because it is what customers depend on to learn about the organization an investment firm is quite different in that communication is formal and it is most done during the marketing phase of the selling process. Unlike it is the case with restaurants investment firms put little emphasis on dressing code but definitely investment firms place a lot of importunate to language/jargon. Hospitals on the other hand have strict communication processes laid down on medics code of ethics. Equally important to hospitals is the dressing codes as well as jargon. Conflict management skills come in handy when resolving issues between patients and health care providers. Technology has changed the way hospitals functions and has had a positive impact on hospital culture. The communication industry is very wide but communication practices, organizational diversity, dress and language as well as technology are given prominence as they hold the key to the success of the communication firms. In conclusion, it is evident that communication, organizational diversity, dress and language, conflict management as well technology are important factors in the work place regardless of which industry an organization belongs to. REFERENCES: Agocs Carol. 1997. Institutionalized resistance to organizational change.denial, inaction and repression. Journal of business ethics VOL 16 No. 9 Bashein, Barbara J.M, Lynne Markus and Patricia Riley.1994. Business Reengineering, preconditions for BPR Success and how to prevent failure. Information systems management 11.

connection essays

connection essays In the book Fences by August Wilson the father and son relationships are not beneficial to either party. The sons in this book are treated as a responsibility towards their father. Troy Maxon, the main character, did not have a relationship with his father, which reflects on him now with his two sons. This is finally understood why Troy treats his sons only as a responsibility after reading to the middle of the play where Troy tells the story of his father. His sons both have dreams to become something that they love doing. Troy explains to them it is not possible because they are black. Troy would like for his loved ones to live practical and responsible lives. The relationship between Troy and each of his sons are both very different but also, in a way, are very similar to the relationship between him and his own father. There was no relationship between Troys father and his children. Troy observed as a young child that the only thing his father cared about was for you to learn how to walk so he could start you to working. (49) he did not care about anything else even the amount of food they received as long as he got what he wanted. Troys father only fulfilled his responsibility to take are of Troy and his siblings. The men are represented as the role models of the family. His children need to learn this at a young age by their father figure. Troy and his oldest son, Lyons, did not have a relationship for a long time because of Troys misfortune of being in prison. The only time Lyons sees his dad now is on Troy's payday to ask for money to help him make a living. Lyons dream is to become a jazz musician. He has had a hard time making a living without any promising income. He wants to do something that will make him get out of bed in the morning. Troy believes this is not possible dream because of being black and to get a job worth spending time on. Troy tells his son You living the fas...

The Amarna Letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Amarna Letters - Essay Example The development of the website targets researchers so that they can be able to address several issues associated with the study of the archaeological documents. The evaluation of the different language use is depicted in the website through the use of the various sources to develop a comprehensive understanding of the clay tables associated with Amarna. The source offers a wide range of original documents in images form, thus vital secondary sources for research on issues associated with international relations and politics. Davies, Simon. "The Persian Gulf in the 1940s and the Question of an Anglo-American Middle East,." Journal of History, 2010: 64-88. The article by Simon Davies on the influence of the western world on the Anglo Middle East helps in understanding the Intergovernmental relationships that existed within the states, before the development of the international community policies leading to the creation of the United Nation. The Middle East and Egypt had a varied appro ach in dealing with the issues of governance, education and marriages. The marriages between states were used to create harmony while developing alliances for the sake of developing international security. Such development leads to the creation of harmony within the states thereby improving the quality of international relations. Despite the changes in leadership, several issues could be addressed between the courts of the different countries and the governments. The success of the governance can be evaluated in a sincere and illustrative approach. Davies addresses the current issues affecting international relations by comparing the current government set up to the traditional set up with kings and courts Introduction The letters of Amarna are viewed as the beginning of the international relation between countries and states. The letters addressed to several states have a different meaning and understanding because they present a challenge on the various fronts. The difficulty of u nderstanding the traditional letter is based on the understanding of the traditional practices in the society. The letters target a vast range of people and country. There are over 323 letters written on stone clay tablets1. The role of Amarna letters in the establishment of international relations is the main focus of the essay. Amarna letters illustrate the role of harmony and reduced aggression between countries in order to achieve success. The letters are written in the traditional set up that will require the understanding of the traditional roles of governments to understand Amarna approach to the situation. Cohen and Vestbrook offer insight on the nature of the relationship that existed between the Pharaohs of Egypt and the rest of the society through the use of various languages and actions2. Amarna diplomatic approach shows the role of communication and the preserving of the rights of the countries when dealing with international relations. To analyze Amarna letters, severa l challenges exist that are addressed by Cohen and Vestbrook3. These challenges include the analysis and the ability to understand the various reasons for the approach. To understand the letters perfectly, scholars have evaluated the role and effect of the letter, in the international community, both in the past and the current situation. For the

Disscusion 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disscusion 1 - Essay Example This negativity is what leads to cohabitation effect (which is an association between cohabitation and poor marital outcome) and what discourages some people (such as the staunch Christians, the aged or those who have had previous experience) from cohabiting. Commitment theory is used to explain and make people understand how cohabitation leads to divorce or even distress. The theory is divided into two commitments: the dedication and constraint commitments. Dedication commitment explains how couples who stay together have dreams and plans about their long term future and is also characterized by putting the needs of the other partner first. In cases of cohabitation, dedication is minimal and hence partners end up leaving each other. The constraint commitment on the other hand explains how there are forces in a relationship that facilitate people leaving or having unhappy relationships including values, children’s welfare and even social pressure. Premarital and marital counseling according to Hawkins (1991) insists on ensuring strong healthy relationship that is based on a long term commitment to a partner. It is the lack of this long term commitment (brought about by cohabiting which is not a long term commitment) that leads to break up of couples relationship and an increase in divorce cases. Premarital counseling advocates for communication when couples are in a relationship. This communication leads to deeper intimacy, love, understanding and having tolerance to each other and to the relationship issues in general. People in a cohabitation type of relationship do not feel committed and hence do not bother with issues of thinking and planning about the future let alone dedicate themselves to open communication. This sets up a bad example to others cohabiting or wanting to cohabit and hence the negative attitude towards this form of relationship. The negative

Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory - Term Paper Example In considering each claim it is important to look into what democracy actually means. This paper looks into democracy and its claims from both Marxism and Leninism perspectives. Practical use of democracy will form the centre stage in elaborating the meaning of democracy and whether it is an end in itself or a means to an end. Democracy literal meaning is People’s Rule meaning that it is the populace that should bear a nation’s sovereignty. This definition is quite the opposite of autocracy and oligarchy which connote forms of dictatorship perpetuated by one person or a number of people respectively. Therefore, democracy is a situation where people exercise political power through choosing leaders or participating in governance. The latter statement has little strength but its claim is indisputable as an inherent attribute of a democratic establishment. These definitions raise a number of arguments one being that some government systems are more democratic than others ( Lenin 177-215). An absolute democracy will therefore demand that people’s wishes are incorporated in the governance system. Wishes of the people even in the modern democratic institutions are basically achieved through elections. In this case people’s representatives are elected to various levels of government where they are expected to represent the views and wishes of their electorates. Utilitarian theorists hold the belief that democracy offers a channel for people’s will to be done. Elections in the case are an agent of people’s will since electors choose those who are closest to their ideals. Although this is not a strong justification as to the establishment of democracy, it goes further to elaborate the representation of the will of the people in governance. This utilitarian approach to democracy and general will of the people is however not accurate. It is basic fact that a society is comprised of people who hold different views on issues. Consequ ently, it is hard for all to agree on one thing especially on matters pertaining to public policy. This argument of elections as a symbol of democracy does not necessarily bear people’s will (Loo and Peter 45-80). Majoritarianism is used widely in elections debate since those who end up in government are the most popular candidates and this translates into ignorance of the minority’s interests. This loophole in democracies has been overcome by establishing systems that facilitate proportional representation although their viability has proved questionable as factions are forced to join forces to acquire considerable majority. Britain is an example where tyranny of the minority is experienced. This has been the trend after the 2nd World War where only two parties have dominated the political arena. In winning elections these parties need to work hard to woo voters who are indecisive. In so doing the parties find themselves ignoring their ideologically based supporters i n order to appeal to the few undecided ones. This scenario is clearer after looking into democracy as a means to an end. Democracy depicts a situation where people are ruling themselves meaning that a state is incapable of coercing an individual citizen (Lenin 277-313). Freedom is therefore a pillar expected to be upheld by a democratic system more than in others. The degree of equality among people also forms the

Effect of Social Media on the Umbrella Movement

Effect of Social Media on the Umbrella Movement Wong Wing Man Would the Umbrella Movement have occurred if social media platforms did not exist? Introduction In response to the NPCSC decision regarding the Chief Executive electoral reform of HKSAR on 31 August 2014, two student-led groups the Scholarism and Hong Kong Federation of Students began boycotting class and protesting outside the government headquarters in Admiralty since late September. Benny Tai announced to join the students with the Occupy Central Movement, which had been suggested since 2012. This mass civil disobedience movement was named the Umbrella movement after the use of umbrellas by protestors to defend police’s attempts of protest sites clearance using tear gas. Before the last clearance was completed by the police on 15 December, protest activities had been spread across districts to Causeway Bay and Mongkok. Its scale was claimed to be the largest ever in the history of Hong Kong. With observation of substantial use of social media platforms such as social networking sites Facebook and Twitter, Cyber-utopians believe that social media platforms, which perform functions such as text messaging, photo sharing and social networking, are revolutionary tools that give rise to the Umbrella Movement. On the other hand, cyber-realists believe that social media platforms are only tools that facilitate mobilization of protestors, while social changes entail long term social and political reforms (Morozov, 2011). This essay aims to argue from the perspective of cyber-realists that the Umbrella Movement was a result of long term effort from political leaders. Social media was only a catalyst but not a fundamental cause of the movement. The essay will justify that social media coverage was not a prerequisite for the movement by addressing the real cause of the movement, and defining the function of social media as simply a complementary but not revolutionary tool. Causality between the Umbrella Movement and social media usage Pre-existing social conditions for emergence of the Umbrella Movement The notion that democratic movements have occurred all around the globe before social media existed in the recent decade can be explained by the Modernization Theory and concept of relative deprivation. The former suggests that people would strive to overthrow and replace inadequate political institutions, while the latter explains the growth of social grievance when the gap between public expectations and actual attainment widens (Lopes, 2014). In the context of the Umbrella Movement, it is the long term demand from local communities for a genuine universal suffrage of the Chief Executive, as well as the shared grievance regarding the recent NPCSC decision on the formation of the nomination committee that triggered the occupying movements (Chan, 2014). Despite high correlation between frequency of social media usage and protest activities, Morozov (2011) believes that Arab Spring was fundamentally attributed to cyber-activism in the Middle East which had been evolving before mass demonstrations occurred in Tunisia and Egypt. He emphasizes that formation of online protest groups are not random events organized by random people. In fact, discussions on occupying central and civil disobedience movement had been continuing since 2012 among scholars and politicians led by Benny Tai. Student groups such as Scholarism were also experienced leaders which had been actively participated in demonstrations to strive against the government on issues such as civic education. Although social media played an important role in mobilizing young population to protest, the Umbrella Movement would remain leaderless without prior actions from political activists (Howard et al., 2011). Social media platforms were only tools for political leaders to organ ize protests. Politics-media-politics (PMP) principle The PMP principle suggests a three-phase process in which surge of social media usage during the Umbrella Movement was likely to be the result of increase in protest activities instead of a preceding factor (Wolfsfeld et al., 2013), while this change in media environment would eventually bring new dynamics to the political situation. Chronologically, protests in Admiralty broke out in the first phase was followed by increasing social media usage in the second phase, as the public turned to various channels for timely information at protest sites. For instance, onsite news was updated day and night on Facebook pages such as SocREC and VJMedia after police’s first tear gas shot on 28 September. Downloads of Firechat, an application that allows instant messaging without Internet, increased by 460,000 times one week after the first protest activity occurred outside the government headquarter, with fear of Internet blockade in nearby areas (Peterson, 2014). Moving towards the third phase, social media platforms gradually developed into a vital tool for disseminating information and organizing protest activities. It enhanced the scale and strengthened the impact of the Umbrella Movement. For example, 1.3 million messages posted in Twitter from 26 to 30 September made the Umbrella Movement the most heated issue among Tweets around the world (Lee, 2014), allowing protestors to bargain with the authority with support from international community. In the final stage, failure in sustaining the Umbrella Movement was fundamentally attributed to mass civil disobedience and occupying movements that provoke criticisms from the public due to long-period road blockage and incompliance with the injunction order (Chan, 2014). These follow the PMP principle that social media was neither an initiator nor terminator of the movement. In other words, the Umbrella Movement would have occurred even without social media platforms, though might be at a smaller scale with limited influence. Role of social media as a complementary tool The Mobilization Theory suggests that social media was essential for the Umbrella Movement in actualizing shared grievance into collective actions. Despite its prominent role, it is worth noting that social media was only a catalyst for the Umbrella Movement to grow and expand its influence. Without this complementary tool, the movement would still emerge with the pre-existing social conditions as described in the last section, though its scale and impact in striving for a genuine universal suffrage would be greatly reduced. 3.1 To organize fragmented forces and form coalition Social media allowed pro-protestor groups to go beyond limitations of traditional media and unite fragmented forces (Howard et al., 2011). Networking functions in social media platforms such as ‘like’ and sharing functions in Facebook and ‘hashtag’ function in Twitter or Instagram allowed people who share common goals and values to build solidarity. It was particularly important to the Umbrella Movement because targeted participants of ‘class boycott’ were the younger population who are the most frequent social media users. A larger-scale movement was thus created by involving segmented pro-protest forces to join the mass protest activities led by the two student groups. 3.2 To provide new opportunities for creating social capital Social media provided new opportunities for pro-protestor groups to mobilize citizens by creating social capital, and for commoners to produce political content as if they were social elites (Howard et al., 2011). Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter became important channels for citizen journalists to broadcast stories that were not covered in mainstream media, for instance, injuries at protest sites caused by tear gas or police’s violence. Violent response towards peaceful protestors generated sympathy from initially unengaged citizens (Dobson, 2001), mobilizing more angry people to go on streets and spread protest activities beyond the initial stronghold in Admiralty to new areas in Causeway Bay and Mongkok. 3.3 To arouse international awareness Social media platforms such as Twitter allowed information about the Umbrella Movement to be disseminated rapidly across border through Internet. Major newspapers around the globe reported the protests in Hong Kong, whilst student leader Joshua Wong was selected as one of the most influential teens of 2014 by a world renowned magazine TIME (Campbell, 2015). Recognition from international community empowered protestors and exerted greater pressure on the government to defer clearance plans and agree on a meeting with student leaders on 21 October. Conclusion In spite of the high correlation between frequency of social media usage and protest activities during the Umbrella Movement, one should be cautious when deriving their causal relationship. Rejecting the notion regarding social media platforms being a prerequisite for the Umbrella Movement, cyber-realists point out their reverse causality using the politics-media-politics principle. The principle emphasizes on the chronological order that it is protest activities in Admiralty that first emerged, causing increase in access to social media platforms for more timely and unreported information about the movement, and eventually creating new political dynamics with the changing media environment. Focusing on the first phase of the principle, protest activities emerged because of the pre-existing social demand for a genuine universal suffrage in local communities and common grievance regarding the NPCSC decision, as well as the prior discussion in organizing mass demonstrations and civil disobedience movements among political activists such as Scholarism and Benny Tai. Acting as a tool for mobilizing people and drawing international awareness, social media was only a catalyst to foster growth and expand influence of the movement. In other words, the Umbrella Movement would have occurred even social media platforms did not exist. (Word Count: 1470) Reference Campbell, Charlie. (2015). Hong Kong Student Leader Joshua Wong Questioned Over Pro-Democracy Protests. Retrieved from TIME website http://time.com/3671211/hong- kong-occupy-central-umbrella-revolution-joshua-wong-students-charged/ Chan, Johannes. (2014). Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement. 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The Impact of Social Media on Social Movements: The New Opportunity and Mobilizing Structure. Journal of Political Science Research. Creighton University. Retrieved from https://www.creighton.edu/fileadmin/user/CCAS/ departments/PoliticalScience/Journal_of_Political_Research__JPR_/2014_JSP_papers/Lopes_JPR.pdf Morozov. Evgeny. (2011). Facebook and Twitter are just places revolutionaries go. Retrieved from The Guardian website http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011 /mar/07/facebook-twitter-revolutionaries-cyber-utopians Peterson, Andrea. (2014). Protesters in Hong Kong must weigh the promise and risks of mesh networking. Retrieved from The Washington Post website http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/10/06/protesters-in-hong-kong-must-weigh-the-promise-and-risks-of-mesh-networking/ Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E. Sheafer, T. (2013). Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics Comes First. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 18(2) 115–137. 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